Vitamin B12 deficiency can develop gradually, and early symptoms are sometimes mistaken for aging or other conditions. However, many of these symptoms have multiple possible causes, so they do not automatically mean you have a B12 deficiency.
Common signs and symptoms include:
- Fatigue or weakness
- Low B12 can lead to anemia, reducing the body’s ability to carry oxygen.
- Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
- B12 is important for healthy nerves, and deficiency can damage them.
- Difficulty with balance or walking
- Nerve problems may affect coordination.
- Memory problems or difficulty concentrating
- Some people experience confusion or “brain fog.”
- A sore, red, or smooth tongue
- Mouth ulcers can also occur.
- Pale or slightly yellow skin
- This may be related to anemia.
- Shortness of breath or a rapid heartbeat
- These can occur if anemia becomes significant.
People at higher risk include:
- Older adults
- People taking metformin for diabetes
- People taking acid-reducing medications long term
- Vegans or strict vegetarians who do not consume fortified foods or supplements
- People with conditions that reduce vitamin absorption
A healthcare professional can diagnose B12 deficiency with blood tests. If it is confirmed, treatment may involve oral supplements or injections, depending on the cause.
If you have persistent numbness, weakness, difficulty walking, or memory changes, it’s important to seek medical evaluation promptly, as nerve damage from prolonged B12 deficiency can become permanent if left untreated.
