Some medications have been associated with an increased risk of cognitive problems or dementia-like symptoms, especially with long-term use, high doses, or in older adults. However, it is not accurate to say that these drugs always cause dementia. Many are important treatments, and stopping them suddenly can be harmful.
Eight medication groups that researchers have raised concerns about include:
- Anticholinergic drugs
- Used for some allergies, overactive bladder, depression, nausea, and sleep problems.
- Examples include some older antihistamines and bladder-control medicines.
- They can affect memory and thinking by blocking acetylcholine, a brain chemical involved in cognition.
- Benzodiazepines
- Used for anxiety, insomnia, and seizures.
- Long-term use has been linked in some studies to cognitive impairment and increased dementia risk, though research is complex.
- Certain sleep medications (“Z-drugs”)
- Examples include zolpidem and similar medicines.
- They may contribute to confusion, falls, and memory problems, especially in older adults.
- Some antipsychotic medications
- Used for conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and sometimes severe behavioral symptoms in dementia.
- In older adults with dementia, some carry serious safety warnings.
- Some antidepressants with strong anticholinergic effects
- Certain older tricyclic antidepressants can affect memory and alertness.
- Opioid pain medications
- Can cause confusion and slowed thinking, especially at higher doses or in older people.
- Certain anti-seizure medications
- Some can cause sedation, slowed thinking, or concentration problems.
- Some corticosteroid treatments (especially at high doses)
- May cause mood changes, confusion, or temporary cognitive effects in some people.
If you are taking any of these, do not stop suddenly. A doctor or pharmacist can review your medications, check for safer alternatives, and adjust doses if needed—especially if you notice memory changes, confusion, or unusual sleepiness.
